Infertility

The causes of infertility can be varied and can lie with both women and men. In women, hormonal disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or ovulation disorders, can lead to infertility. Anatomical problems, such as blocked fallopian tubes or endometriosis, are also common causes. In men, infertility is often due to insufficient sperm production, reduced sperm motility, or genetic anomalies. Lifestyle factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, or being overweight, can also affect fertility in both men and women.

• Inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse
• Irregular or absent menstrual cycles in women
• Low ejaculatory volume or abnormal sperm quality in men
• Pain during intercourse or in the pelvic area in women
• Possibly additional symptoms depending on the underlying cause, such as hormonal disorders or anatomical anomalies

The diagnosis usually begins with a medical history and physical examination of both partners. For women, hormone analyses, ultrasound examinations, and hysterosalpingographies (an X-ray examination of the fallopian tubes) can be performed to check fertility. For men, the diagnosis usually includes an analysis of the semen (spermogram) to assess the number, motility, and structure of the sperm. Additional tests, such as genetic analyses or hormone examinations, may also be necessary.

• Medication treatment: Hormone therapies can stimulate ovulation in women or promote sperm production in men.
• Assisted reproductive technologies (ART): Procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are often used when other treatments are not successful.
• Surgical interventions: In some cases, surgeries may be necessary to remove blockages in the fallopian tubes or other anatomical structures that affect fertility.
• Lifestyle changes: Healthy eating, weight reduction, quitting smoking, and reducing stress can improve the chances of successful conception.

There are various measures that can reduce the risk of infertility. These include avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy body weight, and regular physical activity. Timely access to medical care for hormonal disorders or infections, such as sexually transmitted diseases, can also help prevent fertility problems.