Blood tests

• Kidney Function Parameters:

  • Creatinine: A breakdown product of muscle metabolism, whose concentration in the blood provides information about the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and thus about kidney function. Elevated levels may indicate kidney insufficiency.
  • Urea: End product of protein metabolism, excreted by the kidneys. Elevated levels may indicate impaired kidney function or increased protein breakdown.

• Electrolytes:

  • Sodium and Potassium: Essential electrolytes for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance as well as neuromuscular function. Deviations may indicate kidney dysfunction or other metabolic imbalances.
  • Calcium and Phosphate: Important for bone health and neuromuscular functions. Imbalances may indicate bone diseases or mineral metabolism disorders.

• Inflammation Markers:

  • C-reactive Protein (CRP): An acute phase protein whose concentration increases during inflammatory processes. Elevated levels may indicate infections or inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract or genital organs.
  • Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): A nonspecific marker for inflammation, measuring the rate at which erythrocytes settle in a tube.

• Tumor Markers:

  • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA): A protein produced by the prostate. Elevated PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer, but also benign prostate conditions.
  • Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) and Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-HCG): Markers that may be elevated in certain testicular tumors.

• Hormone Parameters:

  • Testosterone: The primary male sex hormone, essential for sexual function, fertility, and general well-being. Deviations may indicate hypogonadism or other endocrine disorders.
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Regulate the function of the gonads and are important in the investigation of fertility disorders.

• Liver Parameters:

  • Transaminases (GOT, GPT): Enzymes that appear in increased amounts in the blood in cases of liver damage.
  • Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (γ-GT): An enzyme whose elevation may indicate liver or gallbladder diseases.

• Coagulation Parameters:

  • Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR): Evaluate blood coagulation and are important before surgical procedures or in patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy.

Blood tests enable urologists to diagnose and monitor a variety of conditions, including:

- Kidney diseases: Early detection of kidney failure or glomerulonephritis by checking creatinine and electrolytes.

- Prostate diseases: Early detection of prostate cancer through PSA measurement; differentiation between benign and malignant processes.

- Testicular diseases: Diagnosis of testicular tumors by determining AFP and β-HCG.

- Hormonal disorders: Clarification of loss of libido, erectile dysfunction, or infertility by measuring testosterone, LH, and FSH.

- Infections and inflammations: Detection of urinary tract or genital infections through elevated inflammatory markers such as CRP and ESR.

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