Seminom

The exact cause of the development of seminomas is not fully understood, but some risk factors can increase the likelihood. The most important include:

Cryptorchidism (undescended testicles): Men whose testicles have not descended into the scrotum at birth have an increased risk of developing testicular cancer.

Genetic predisposition: A family history of testicular cancer increases the risk.

Previous testicular cancer: Men who have already had testicular cancer have a higher risk of developing a malignant disease in the other testicle.

• Painless swelling or hardening in the testicle
• Feeling of heaviness or pressure in the scrotum
• Pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen, scrotum, or groin
• In rare cases, breast tenderness or enlargement (gynecomastia) due to hormonal changes
• Irregularities or lumps in the testicle that are discovered during a self-examination

The diagnosis usually begins with a physical examination of the testicle, during which the doctor looks for swelling, lumps, or hardening. An ultrasound of the testicle can be used to determine the size and type of the tumor. Blood tests to measure tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) can also be helpful. A definitive diagnosis is made through a tissue biopsy, which often occurs after the removal of the affected testicle (orchiectomy).

• Surgical Removal (Orchiectomy): The first and most important treatment method is the surgical removal of the affected testicle. This operation is usually curative.
• Radiation Therapy: Since seminomas are very sensitive to radiation, radiation therapy is often used after the operation to destroy remaining cancer cells, especially in early stages of the tumor.
• Chemotherapy: In advanced stages or when the cancer has spread (metastases), chemotherapy is often used. Seminomas respond well to this treatment, and the chances of cure are high even in advanced stages.
• Surveillance: In some cases, especially with small, early-detected seminomas, close monitoring without immediate further treatment may be considered after the removal of the testicle (orchiectomy).

Since the exact causes are not fully known, there are no specific preventive measures. However, men should perform regular self-examinations of the testicles to detect changes early. In the presence of risk factors such as cryptorchidism or a family history of testicular cancer, close medical monitoring is advisable.