Urinary incontinence

Bladder weakness can be caused by a variety of factors, including mechanical, functional, neurological, and psychogenic causes. Common causes in women include bladder prolapse and hysterectomy, while in men an enlarged prostate is often the main factor. Other causes may involve bladder muscle dysfunction, nerve problems, or coordination disorders between the pelvic floor and the bladder muscle.

• Involuntary urine leakage when coughing, sneezing, or during physical exertion (stress incontinence)

• Sudden, strong urge to urinate with uncontrolled urine loss (urge incontinence)

• Weak urinary stream and sensation of incomplete emptying (overflow incontinence)

• Frequent urination with only small amounts of urine

• Pain or burning sensation during urination

Diagnosis includes a detailed medical history and physical examination. Specific diagnostic procedures may involve uroflowmetry, cystoscopy, and urodynamic testing to evaluate bladder function and identify the underlying cause of incontinence. Keeping a voiding diary may also be helpful.

• Conservative: Pelvic floor exercises and bladder training to strengthen muscles and improve bladder control. Lifestyle changes, such as reducing caffeine and alcohol intake, can also be beneficial.

• Medication: Anticholinergics to reduce bladder contractions, beta-3 adrenergic agonists, and other drugs tailored to specific forms of incontinence.

• Supportive devices: Use of incontinence pads and special toileting aids to provide additional protection and support.

• Surgical: In severe cases, surgical interventions may be required to correct the underlying cause of incontinence, such as sling procedures or implantation of an artificial sphincter.

Regular pelvic floor training, maintaining healthy lifestyle habits such as adequate fluid intake, and avoiding obesity can help reduce the risk of bladder weakness. Early consultation with a physician at the first signs of symptoms is important to initiate appropriate treatment and prevent complications.