Bladder tumor

The main cause of bladder cancer is long-term smoking, as the carcinogenic substances contained in cigarette smoke are excreted via the kidneys and concentrated in the bladder, where they can damage the tissue. Other risk factors include occupational exposure to certain chemicals (e.g. in the textile and dye industries), chronic urinary tract infections, bladder stones, permanent catheters and certain medications such as cyclophosphamide. Genetic predispositions and increasing age also increase the risk of developing bladder cancer.

• Blood in the urine (hematuria): Most common symptom, usually painless.
• Frequent urge to urinate and pain: Especially when urinating.
• Feeling of pressure in the lower abdomen: In advanced stages.
• General malaise: Pain in the lower back or pelvic area may also occur.

The diagnosis is usually made by cystoscopy, in which an endoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder to examine the bladder tissue. Other diagnostic methods include urine testing for blood and cancer cells, ultrasound, CT or MRI to determine the stage of the tumor. Tissue samples (biopsies) are often taken to confirm the diagnosis and examined under a microscope.

Conservative: In early stages, the tumor can be removed endoscopically (transurethral resection of the bladder, TURB). Regular follow-up examinations are important, as bladder cancer often recurs.

Medication: Intravesical therapy with chemotherapy or immunotherapy can be used to combat remaining cancer cells and prevent recurrences.

Surgical: In advanced cases, a cystectomy (complete removal of the bladder) may be necessary. A new bladder (neobladder) can be constructed from a piece of intestine.

Radiotherapy: Is often used in combination with chemotherapy to destroy tumor cells and control tumor growth.

Avoiding smoking is the most effective preventive measure against bladder cancer. In addition, people who are occupationally exposed to carcinogenic chemicals should take protective measures. Regular check-ups can help to detect and treat bladder cancer at an early stage.